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Sesso HD et al. (2012). Multivitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14805;US Preventive Services Task Force (2022). Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. JAMA. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.8970;Gaziano JM 等 (2012). Multivitamins in the Prevention of Cancer in Men. JAMA. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.14641(备注里那项癌症结果)
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美国那个负责给预防措施打分的官方机构 USPSTF,2022 年给 β 胡萝卜素和维生素 E 评了 D 级,意思是建议别用。吸烟的人和接触过石棉的人已经因此受了害。蔬菜水果里本身含的抗氧化物不算在内,照吃
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IDEA 试验找了 471 名超重或肥胖的成年人,跟了 24 个月。大家做的饮食和运动安排是一样的,区别只在戴不戴可穿戴设备。戴的那组减重 3.5 公斤(95% CI 2.6–4.5,这是可信范围)。不戴的那组减了 5.9 公斤(5.0–6.8),反而更多。两组差 2.4 公斤(1.0–3.7,P=0.002)。它看起来划算,是因为「量化才能管理」这句话听着有道理,而且设备买一次就完事
原始出处
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只能说「没有证据支持」,所以只给 C 级。把身体代谢产生的废物清出去,本来就是肝和肾在干的活。只要这两个器官没有生病,就不需要额外做什么「排毒」
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骨折后补维生素 D 的试验,没有一项看出骨头长得更好。钙和维 D 一起补的研究很少,说不清有没有用。一大碗骨头汤里的钙,只有每天该吃的几十分之一。本来就缺维 D、有骨质疏松的人另说。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
不花钱,还省下钙片、维生素 D 和天天熬汤的钱和工夫。要做的只是查出缺了再补,不缺就不额外补。
换回什么
先看维生素 D。2023 年一篇系统综述收了 14 项研究、2734 名骨折病人。作者的结论是,单补维生素 D 对骨头愈合、长没长上和恢复后的功能影响很小。看出好处的几项研究,质量普遍偏低。作者写明,只算随机分组的试验,没有一项看出补了有好处。其中一项找了 100 名维 D 偏低的长骨骨折病人。一半人伤后两周内一次吃 10 万 IU,一半人吃安慰剂(假药)。两边各有 2 人骨头没长上,合起来是 4%。另一项找了 102 名 18 到 50 岁的大腿骨或小腿骨骨折病人,分四组吃不同剂量或安慰剂。3 个月和 12 个月时,愈合评分都没看出差别。还有一项找了 32 名手腕骨折的绝经后女性。和不补的人比,每天折合 1800 IU 的大剂量组,骨头的抗压硬度反而更低。再看钙。2014 年一篇系统综述说,看维 D 不足或补维 D 怎么影响骨折愈合的临床研究很少,结论说不清。它找到的两项研究是钙和维 D 一起补。看到的是骨折处骨密度或骨痂(新长出来的骨头)多了,没看愈合快慢。最后看骨头汤。台湾高雄一项测定买了三种骨头汤面食,一份汤 450 到 550 克。每份汤里的钙平均 14 到 39 毫克,占每天 1000 毫克推荐量的 1.4% 到 3.9%。作者的结论是,一份汤的钙不到每天推荐量的 5%。中国的推荐量是 18 到 49 岁每天 800 毫克,50 岁以上 1000 毫克,每天上限 2000 毫克。定这些数的卫生行业标准还写明,长期吃过量的钙会增加得肾结石的风险。美国一项试验找了 36282 名绝经后女性,每天吃 1000 毫克钙加 400 IU 维 D,平均跟踪 7 年。肾结石风险高约 17%(HR 1.17,95% CI 1.02–1.34,可信范围)。髋部骨折低约 12%,但不显著(HR 0.88,0.72–1.08)。它看起来划算,是因为「骨头是钙做的,多吃钙就长得快」这个直觉
原始出处
Gatt T, Grech A, Arshad H (2023). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation for Bone Healing in Fracture Patients: A Systematic Review. Advances in Orthopedics, 2023, 6236045. doi.org/10.1155/2023/6236045;Haines N, Kempton LB, Seymour RB, et al. (2017). The effect of a single early high-dose vitamin D supplement on fracture union in patients with hypovitaminosis D: a prospective randomised trial. Bone & Joint Journal, 99-B(11), 1520-1525. doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.99B11.BJJ-2017-…;Slobogean GP, Bzovsky S, O'Hara NN, et al. (2023). Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Acute Fracture Healing: A Phase II Screening Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial. JBMR Plus, 7, e10705. doi.org/10.1002/jbm4.10705;Heyer FL, de Jong JJ, Willems PC, et al. (2021). The Effect of Bolus Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Distal Radius Fracture Healing: A Randomized Controlled Trial Using HR-pQCT. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 36, 1492-1501. doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4311;Gorter EA, Hamdy NA, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Schipper IB (2014). The role of vitamin D in human fracture healing: a systematic review of the literature. Bone, 64, 288-297. doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.04.026;Hsu DJ, Lee CW, Tsai WC, Chien YC (2017). Essential and toxic metals in animal bone broths. Food & Nutrition Research, 61, 1347478(表 2、表 3). doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1347478;国家卫生和计划生育委员会 (2018). WS/T 578.2—2018 中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量 第 2 部分:常量元素(表 1;定义 3.7). nhc.gov.cn/wjw/yingyang/201805/f2c614be95fe4…;Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. (2006). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(7), 669-683. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055218;Doetsch AM, Faber J, Lynnerup N, et al. (2004). The effect of calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on the healing of the proximal humerus fracture: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Calcified Tissue International, 75, 183-188. doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0167-0(备注里那项);Gorter EA, Krijnen P, Schipper IB (2017). Vitamin D status and adult fracture healing. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma, 8(1), 34-37. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2016.09.003(备注里那项)
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争议:有两处小苗头。丹麦一项试验找了 30 名上臂近肩处骨折的老年女性,她们有骨质疏松或骨量偏低。每天吃 800 IU 维 D 加 1 克钙的人,第 6 周骨折处骨密度更高(0.623 对 0.570 g/cm²)。但它只量了骨密度,没看骨头长没长好,人也太少。那项 102 人的试验事后拆开看,大剂量维 D 的人功能评分略好,作者说还要再做试验确认。本来就缺维 D 的人另说。荷兰一项跟踪记录里,补了以后仍然缺的人,愈合拖慢的占 9.7%。本来不缺的人占 0.3%,补上来的人占 1.7%。这只是跟踪记录,证明不了因果。查出缺了,按医生说的补到正常。已经确诊骨质疏松、或者轻轻一摔就骨折的人,要的是抗骨质疏松药,见第 1 节第 40 条(抗骨质疏松药),钙片代替不了它。不缺维 D 的人长期补没有好处,见本节第 3 条(补维生素 D)。要否掉的是「额外猛补」,不是少吃钙,三餐里的钙照常吃够,见本节第 21 条(防肾结石把钙戒掉)。刚摔了怀疑骨折怎么办,见第 13 节第 41 条(怀疑骨折)。收益定中,是按一年钙片和维 D 的钱算的。受益人是你自己。
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不要指望靠 AI 聊天机器人自己判断病情和法律问题,看病、打官司、花大钱之前,把它说的依据找到原文核一遍
不花钱不占时间要点毅力换寿命
把完整病例交给 AI,九成以上它能认出是什么病。但普通人拿它问症状,认出病的反而比自己上网查的人少,该不该去急诊也没判得更准。问法律问题,通用 AI 至少 58% 的回答有编的内容,还会顺着你问题里的错误说法往下讲。
看收益、证据和原始出处
花掉什么
不花钱。每次核对要多花几分钟到半小时。让 AI 写出它依据的法条、指南或论文,你自己打开原文,找到那句话。要改的习惯是,别因为它说得肯定就照做。
换回什么
先看看病。2026 年 Nature Medicine 发表了一项随机分组的试验,1298 名英国普通人参加,方案事先登记过。每人拿到两个编好的病例,要判断是什么病、该去急诊还是在家观察。一部分人用 AI 聊天机器人帮忙,用的是 GPT-4o、Llama 3、Command R+。对照组用自己平时的办法,多数是上网搜,或者看英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)的官网。把完整病例直接交给 AI,它 94.9% 的情况能认出相关的病,56.3% 能判对该去哪看。普通人用同样的 AI,认出相关疾病的不到 34.5%,判对去哪看的不到 44.2%。对照组认出相关疾病的几率是用 AI 的人的 1.76 倍(95% CI 1.45–2.13,可信范围)。认出危险信号类重病的几率是 1.57 倍(1.28–1.92)。判断该去哪看,两边差不多。作者翻了对话记录,问题出在两处:用户没把症状说全,AI 提到了对的病,用户却没采纳。再看法律。一个美国研究团队 2024 年用 ChatGPT 4 等公开模型,问美国联邦法院的判例。ChatGPT 4 有 58% 的回答有编造,Llama 2 高到 88%。编造指和法律事实对不上的内容,论文把它叫「幻觉」。模型分不清自己哪句是编的。用户问题里带着错误的法律前提时,它常常照单全收。同一团队 2025 年又测了律师用的专业法律 AI 工具。这些工具号称不会编,实际 17% 到 33% 的回答有编造。它看起来划算,是因为 AI 随叫随到、不收钱,说话又像医生律师一样肯定
原始出处
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