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Aroor S, Singh R, Goldstein LB (2017). BE-FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time): Reducing the Proportion of Strokes Missed Using the FAST Mnemonic. Stroke, 48(2), 479-481. doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015169;Arch AE, Weisman DC, Coca S, et al. (2016). Missed Ischemic Stroke Diagnosis in the Emergency Department by Emergency Medicine and Neurology Services. Stroke, 47(3), 668-673:「Thirty-seven percent of posterior strokes were initially misdiagnosed compared with 16% of anterior strokes」. doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.115.010613;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 366–367 页:「Sudden trouble in seeing with one or both eyes」「Sudden trouble walking or experiencing dizziness, loss of balance or coordination」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
Karkabi B, Meir G, Zafrir B, et al. (2021). Door-to-balloon time and mortality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes. doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa037;NICE (2010, 2016 更新). Recent-onset chest pain of suspected cardiac origin: assessment and diagnosis (CG95), 第 1.2.1.3 条:「pain in the chest and/or other areas (for example, the arms, back or jaw) lasting longer than 15 minutes」「chest pain associated with nausea and vomiting, marked sweating, breathlessness, or particularly a combination of these」. nice.org.uk/guidance/cg95/chapter/Recommendat…;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 357–358 页:「Access EMS even if the pain has only lasted a couple of minutes」「Symptoms may be more subtle or uncommon in some populations, such as people who are female, elderly or have diabetes」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…;NHS. Heart attack:「Do not drive yourself to A&E」. nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/symptoms
Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. (2000). The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA, 283(7), 897-903. doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.7.897;Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J, et al. (2022). 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease. Circulation, 146(24), e334-e482,表 24(ADD-RS):「Marfan syndrome or other connective tissue disease」「Family history of aortic disease」「Ripping or tearing in quality」「Pulse deficit or systolic blood pressure differential」;「Uncontrolled hypertension is a known risk factor for aortic rupture and dissection」. doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106
Griffin BR, Frear CC, Babl F, Oakley E, Kimble RM (2020). Cool Running Water First Aid Decreases Skin Grafting Requirements in Pediatric Burns: A Cohort Study of Two Thousand Four Hundred Ninety-five Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 75(1), 75-85. doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.06.028;Griffin B, Cabilan CJ, Ayoub B, et al. (2022). The effect of 20 minutes of cool running water first aid within three hours of thermal burn injury on patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Australasian Emergency Care, 25(4), 367-376. doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2022.05.004;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 289 页:「Do not use ice-cold water」「Do not apply ice, as this may aggravate the injury」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…;NHS. Burns and scalds:「do not remove anything that is stuck to the affected area」「do not put any creams, oils or butter on burns or scalds」. nhs.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/treat…
中国医药教育协会等 (2022). 过敏性休克急救临床实践指南(2020). Frontiers in Pharmacology:「Epinephrine is the first-line medicine in GRADE II to IV anaphylaxis」「Intramuscular epinephrine should be injected in the mid-anterolateral thigh」,成人肌注上限 0.5 mg、14 岁以下 0.3 mg,无反应可每 5–15 分钟重复一次,「If an epinephrine pre-filled injector/auto-injector is available, they should follow the instructions written on the packaging or insert」. doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.845689;Muraro A, et al. (2022). EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). Allergy. doi.org/10.1111/all.15032;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 376 页:「The epinephrine auto-injection may be administered through the person's clothing if the clothes are not thick」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
美国糖尿病学会 (2025). 糖尿病诊疗标准 2025·第 6 章 血糖目标与低血糖. Diabetes Care:分级「Level 1: Glucose <70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L) and ≥54 mg/dL (≥3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 2: Glucose <54 mg/dL (<3.0 mmol/L)」「Level 3: A severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical status requiring assistance for treatment of hypoglycemia, irrespective of glucose level」;处理「For most individuals, 15 g carbohydrates should be ingested」「Fifteen minutes after initial treatment, repeat the treatment if hypoglycemia persists」. doi.org/10.2337/dc25-S006
备注
意识不清的人不要喂东西,会呛进气管,直接叫 120。同一份标准还建议,打胰岛素的人、容易低血糖的人,都该备一份胰高血糖素。原文是「All individuals treated with insulin or who are at high risk of hypoglycemia...should be prescribed glucagon」。鼻喷的和事先装好药的针剂,比要临时兑药的好用。这些做法默认是给你自己或者家里的糖尿病人准备的,随身带糖也是给他们带的。
You J, Liu J, Zhou M (2020). Number of Deaths due to Carbon Monoxide Poisoning by Month and by Place of Death — China, 2018. China CDC Weekly 2(2):32:「In 2018, there were 11,523 deaths caused by carbon monoxide poisoning reported in China」. doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.008;美国疾病控制与预防中心. 一氧化碳中毒:「More than 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning not linked to fires」「More than 100,000 visit an emergency department」「More than 14,000 are hospitalized」,常见症状「headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion」「CO symptoms are often described as "flu-like."」. cdc.gov/carbon-monoxide/about/index.html;美国消费品安全委员会. 一氧化碳信息中心:「If you suspect CO poisoning, get outside to fresh air immediately, and then call 911」. cpsc.gov/Safety-Education/Safety-Education…;NHS. Carbon monoxide poisoning:「They may get worse when you spend time in an affected room or building and get better when you leave or go outside」. nhs.uk/conditions/carbon-monoxide-poison…
中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生与中毒控制所 (2025). 暑假安全提示:警惕强酸强碱清洁剂. niohp.chinacdc.cn/kpdw/202507/t20250722_308659.htm;NHS. Poisoning:「do not try to make someone sick if you think they've swallowed something harmful – they could choke and stop breathing」「do not give the person anything to eat or drink」「if the person vomits, try putting some vomit in a container to give to healthcare professionals」;常见原因列有「medicines」「household cleaning products」「certain plants and mushrooms」「pesticides」. nhs.uk/conditions/poisoning;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 346–347 页:「The person should NOT be encouraged to vomit as this may damage their throat」「First aid providers should not give any diluents such as milk, water or activated charcoal to a person who has swallowed a poisonous substance unless they are instructed to do so by the poison control centre or equivalent poison expert」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
US National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. Choking – adult or child over 1 year. medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000047.htm;福州市卫生健康委员会 (2026). 海姆立克急救法更新了:「1岁以上幼儿、儿童及成人:从旧版单一腹部冲击改为"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"的循环」「中国红十字系统急救培训一直都是按"5次背部拍击+5次腹部冲击"循环进行的方式进行教学」. fuzhou.gov.cn/zgfzzt/swjw/fzwj/jkkp/202601/t202…;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 238 页:「First aid providers should not use a blind finger sweep in people with a foreign-body airway obstruction as this may push the object further down the person's airway」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
Litovitz T 等 (2010). Emerging battery-ingestion hazard: clinical implications. Pediatrics 125(6):1168-1177. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3037;Litovitz T, Whitaker N, Clark L (2010). Preventing battery ingestions: an analysis of 8648 cases. Pediatrics 125(6):1178-1183. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-3038;National Capital Poison Center. National Battery Ingestion Hotline Guideline:「If battery ingestion is suspected: Do not induce vomiting」「Batteries lodged in the esophagus may cause serious burns in as little as 2 hours. Do not wait for symptoms to develop」. poison.org/battery/guideline;广东省疾病预防控制中心 (2025). 监测发现:这3种小物件易被孩子误吞,很多人家里都有,赶紧放好!. cdcp.gd.gov.cn/jkjy/jkzt/zlkz/content/post_46865…;Kelaidi N 等 (2025). Entero-Enteric Fistula Following Multiple Magnet Ingestion in Children: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine 14(17):6235. doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176235;Nugud AA 等 (2023). Pediatric Magnet Ingestion, Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention: A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Position Paper. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 76(4):523-532. doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003702;Anfang RR 等 (2019). pH-neutralizing esophageal irrigations as a novel mitigation strategy for button battery injury. Laryngoscope 129(1):49-57. doi.org/10.1002/lary.27312;Schmidt YM, Muensterer O, Wendling-Keim D (2023). The use of honey in button battery ingestions: a systematic review. Frontiers in Pediatrics 11:1259780. doi.org/10.3389/fped.2023.1259780
Sasson C 等 (2010). Predictors of survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.889576 ; Zheng J 等 (2023). Incidence, process of care, and outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in China: a prospective study of the BASIC-OHCA registry. The Lancet Public Health. doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00173-1 ; 全国人大 (2020). 民法典(第一百八十四条). spp.gov.cn/spp/fl/202006/t20200602_463888.sh…
Mac Grory B, Schrag M, Biousse V, et al. (2021). Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Stroke, 52(6), e282-e294:「Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a form of acute ischemic stroke that causes severe visual loss and is a harbinger of further cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events」. doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000366 ;NHS. Symptoms of a stroke:「blurred vision or loss of sight in 1 or both eyes」「Symptoms of a stroke can sometimes stop after a short time, so you may think you're OK. Even if this happens, get medical help straight away」「you've had signs of a stroke within the last 24 hours even if they've now stopped」. nhs.uk/conditions/stroke/symptoms ; Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al. (2007). Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet, 370(9596), 1432-1442. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61448-2
备注
定 B 是因为 EXPRESS 不是随机试验。它比的是同一片人群改做法之前、之后两段时间,两段之间别的条件也可能变了,这部分分不开。眼前一黑几分钟又自己恢复,容易被当成「累的」「低血糖」放过去。NHS 写明,症状自己停了也要立刻求医,EXPRESS 那批病人不当天治,90 天内再中风的有 10.3%。单眼突然看不见,就算不疼、不红,也要当回事。别等第二天挂眼科门诊,直接去有卒中中心的医院急诊。
Zhou L, Wu S, Wang Y, Bao X, Peng T, Luo W, Ortega-Usobiaga J (2022). Clinical presentation of acute primary angle closure during the COVID-19 epidemic lockdown. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 1078237. doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1078237 ; Sung MS, Kim HJ, Park SW (2023). Predictors of long-term visual field outcome after an episode of acute primary angle closure. Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology, 51(4), 291-299. doi.org/10.1111/ceo.14206 ; Wang J, Wang J, Ng TK, Huang C (2025). Asymmetric intraocular pressure changes in dominant and contralateral eyes: the dark room prone provocative test. Seminars in Ophthalmology, 40(4), 325-331. doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2024.2443972 ; NHS. Glaucoma:「Sometimes glaucoma can develop suddenly and cause symptoms such as: intense eye pain, a red eye, tenderness around the eyes, seeing rainbow-coloured circles around bright lights, blurred vision, feeling sick (nausea) and being sick, a headache」「This happens when the fluid in your eye cannot drain as it should」. nhs.uk/conditions/glaucoma ; Lin SF, Xiao H, Chen LM, et al. (2022). [Clinical features of young inpatients with angle-closure glaucoma]. 中华眼科杂志, 58(1), 28-34. doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20210301-0…
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Teixeira PGR 等 (2018). Civilian Prehospital Tourniquet Use Is Associated with Improved Survival in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Injury. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.01.047 ; Kragh JF 等 (2009). Survival with emergency tourniquet use to stop bleeding in major limb trauma. Annals of Surgery. doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818842ba ; 中国医师协会急诊医师分会等 (2020). 止血带的急诊应用专家共识. 中华急诊医学杂志 29(6):773-779:「院前急救时,止血带一旦使用则不建议松开,除非得到可以替代的彻底止血的救治」「最长使用时间不应超过2 h。但如果客观情况无法到医院救治或者无替代止血办法,则在得到正规救援前不解除止血带」. doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2020…,全文 cem.org.cn/rhtml/20200606/index.htm
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 癫痫发作急救:「Don't hold the person down or stop their movements」「Don't put anything in their mouth. This can hurt their teeth or jaw」「Don't offer water or food until they are fully alert」「Time the seizure to track if it lasts more than 5 minutes. If it does, seek immediate medical attention or call 911」. cdc.gov/epilepsy/first-aid-for-seizures/i… ; NHS. Febrile seizures:「it's unlikely to harm your child or cause long-term effects」「Febrile seizures usually last for 2 to 3 minutes. It's rare for them to last more than 10 minutes」「They usually affect children between 6 months and 6 years old」「has a seizure for the first time」「has a seizure that lasts more than 5 minutes」「is more sleepy than usual for more than 1 hour after the seizure stops」「protect their head with your hands or something soft」「do not move your child or try to hold them in place」「do not try to lower your child's temperature by undressing them or sponging them with cold water」「Do not take your child to A&E if they are still having a seizure or are unconscious, call 999 instead」「your child will need to be checked in hospital after having a febrile seizure for the first time」. nhs.uk/conditions/febrile-seizures ; Subcommittee on Febrile Seizures, American Academy of Pediatrics (2011). Neurodiagnostic evaluation of the child with a simple febrile seizure. Pediatrics, 127(2), 389-394:「In general, a simple febrile seizure does not usually require further evaluation, specifically electroencephalography, blood studies, or neuroimaging」. doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-3318
WHO. 溺水 实况报道. who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/d…;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 214–215 页:「An attempted rescue by first aid providers should be made without entering the water, either from land or a boat, by reaching with something rigid (e.g. a pole or tree branch), or by throwing a rope or buoyant object. Providers should not touch an actively drowning person because of the risk of being pulled into the water」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
US National Weather Service. During Extreme Cold. weather.gov/safety/cold-during ; Dow J 等 (2019). Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Out-of-Hospital Evaluation and Treatment of Accidental Hypothermia: 2019 Update. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2019.10.002
WHO. 动物咬伤 实况报道. who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/a… ; WHO (2023). 蛇咬伤中毒 实况报道. who.int/zh/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/s… ; Lai R 等 (2024). The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites. World Journal of Emergency Medicine 15(5):333-355:「An estimated 250,000–280,000 cases of venomous snakebites occur in China each year, affecting mainly patients aged ≥50 years」. doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2024.076 ; Yan S 等 (2026). Clinical epidemiology of snakebite envenoming in hospitals 11 provinces of Yangtze River Basin and southern regions of China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases:「withdrawal (4346, 10.65%), and death (23, 0.06%)」. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0013247 ; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 339–341 页:「Remove jewellery, watches or tight clothing to prevent blood flow being restricted if there is swelling」「The following actions are not effective and may even cause further harm: applying a tourniquet, sucking out the venom, applying a cold compress, rubbing the bite, cutting the wound with a knife to increase bleeding」「Do not try to catch or kill the snake. Consider taking a photo」. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
美国国家气象局. 户外雷电安全:「There is no safe place outside when thunderstorms are in the area」「Avoid open fields, the top of a hill or a ridge top. Stay away from tall, isolated trees or other tall objects」「Stay away from water, wet items, such as ropes, and metal objects, such as fences and poles」;实在走不了时「If you are in a group, spread out to avoid the current traveling between group members」;恢复活动「Wait 30 minutes until after the last rumble of thunder」;「Remember, a tent offers NO protection from lighting」「Do NOT seek shelter under the beach picnic shelters」「Cave entrances are dangerous during thunderstorms. Small overhangs can allow arcs to cross the gap」. weather.gov/safety/lightning-outdoors;美国国家气象局. 雷电安全:「If you hear thunder, you are likely within striking distance of the storm」「When Thunder Roars, Go Indoors」. weather.gov/safety/lightning-safety;美国国家气象局. 雷电误区:「Run to a substantial building or hard topped vehicle」「Being underneath a tree is the second leading cause of lightning casualties」. weather.gov/safety/lightning-myths
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·高海拔旅行与高原病:「Any unacclimatized traveler proceeding to a sleeping altitude of ≥2,450 m (≥8,000 ft)—and sometimes lower—is at risk for altitude illness」;上升速度「500 m (1,650 ft) per night in sleeping altitude once above 3,000 m (9,800 ft)」,每上升 1000 米加一天适应日;乙酰唑胺预防「125 mg twice a day; 250 mg twice a day if >100 kg body weight」;「If symptoms become worse despite rest or treatment at the same elevation」必须下撤;「Never ascend to sleep at a higher altitude when experiencing symptoms of altitude illness, no matter how minor the symptoms seem」「AMS improves rapidly with a descent of 300 m (1,000 ft) or more」「In remote areas, initiate descent for anyone suspected of having HACE」「Descent and oxygen are much more effective treatments than medication」. cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-haz…;荒野医学会 (2024). 急性高原病预防、诊断与治疗临床实践指南(2024 更新). Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.05.013
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 黄皮书·旅行者的水消毒:「All organisms that may cause illness from drinking water are killed within seconds at boiling temperature」「CDC recommends that travelers boil water for a full minute to account for user variability in identifying boiling points and to add a margin of safety」「Although the boiling point for water decreases with increasing elevation, at common travel elevations the temperature needed to achieve boiling is still well above the temperature required to inactivate enteric pathogens」「Many filters do not reliably remove viruses」「Cryptosporidium, is poorly inactivated by chlorine- or iodine-based disinfection at practical concentrations」;表 1.8.3 把「Clear surface water near human and animal activity」的主要威胁列为「All enteric pathogens, including Cryptosporidium」. cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/preparing-interna…
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 256–257、267–268 页. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…
国际红十字与红新月会联合会发布了 2025 年国际急救指南。里面写着「手脚上的任何一处伤,都应当先按可能的骨折来处理」。还写着「确诊骨折唯一准确的办法是拍 X 光。拿不准就当骨折办」。固定的目的是「尽量减少活动和疼痛」。冷敷「一次最多连续 20 分钟,这样可以减轻疼痛;冷得比这更久可能损伤皮肤」。「伤到股骨这类长骨时,光是骨头本身出的血就可能致命」。疼痛或者肿胀明显、有休克表现、股骨(大腿骨)骨折或者肢体位置明显不对时,应呼叫急救。折弯成角的骨折,要两个条件同时成立,才考虑在现场掰回原位(复位)。一是「地处偏远(或者条件有限),而且成角处下方的肢体发凉、发白,或者急救的人没法固定好以便搬动」。二是施救者受过训练。开放性骨折(断骨戳破皮肤)要先止血、防感染。但第一次 X 光没看出来,不等于没骨折。英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(NICE)有一份髋部骨折指南。它写:X 光正常但仍怀疑髋部骨折的,「做磁共振(核磁)」。24 小时内做不了,就考虑做 CT。NICE 的骨折指南写:怀疑手腕舟骨骨折的,「经过仔细的体格检查后,考虑首先做磁共振」。舟骨是手腕里的一块小骨头。考克兰(Cochrane)的一篇文献汇总说:「最初的 X 光片不能排除骨折」。它收的研究里,X 光正常、医生仍怀疑舟骨骨折的人,真有骨折的比例中位数是 20%。美国放射学会有一份膝关节外伤的检查标准。它写:X 光没看到骨折,但仍怀疑有隐藏骨折或关节内部损伤的,下一步「通常适合」做磁共振。它还写,磁共振查隐藏骨折、半月板和韧带损伤都很准
原始出处
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 301–302 页. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2011). Hip fracture: management. NICE guideline CG124,第 1.1.1 条. nice.org.uk/guidance/cg124/chapter/Recommenda…;National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016). Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. NICE guideline NG38,第 1.2.3 条. nice.org.uk/guidance/ng38/chapter/Recommendat…;Mallee WH 等 (2015). Computed tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging versus bone scintigraphy for clinically suspected scaphoid fractures in patients with negative plain radiographs. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010023.pub2;Taljanovic MS 等, Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging (2019). ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Acute Trauma to the Knee,Variant 3. American College of Radiology. acsearch.acr.org/docs/69419/Narrative
Joyner BL 等 (2025). Part 6: Pediatric Basic Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation 152(suppl 2):S424–S447. doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001370,全文见 cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-…;Naim MY 等 (2017). Association of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation With Overall and Neurologically Favorable Survival After Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States: A Report From the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival Surveillance Registry. JAMA Pediatrics 171(2):133–141. doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3643;International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2025). International First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines 2025,第 186–188 页. ifrc.org/sites/default/files/2026-03/IFRC%…;首都儿科研究所 (2022). 【儿研所儿医说】心肺复苏:爸妈必备的急救知识(北京市卫生健康委员会转载). wjw.beijing.gov.cn/bmfw_20143/jkzs/jksh/202210/t2022…;European Resuscitation Council (2025). ERC Guidelines 2025 for the lay public(Paediatric Basic Life Support 一章). erc.edu/media/p5ymaeej/gl2025_layperson_b…
MedlinePlus (2024). Traumatic amputation:「Wrap the severed part in a clean, damp cloth, place it in a sealed plastic bag and place the bag in an ice water bath」「Do not put the body part directly in water or ice without using a plastic bag」「Do not put the severed part directly on ice」「Without cooling, the severed part is only good for reattachment for about 4 to 6 hours」. medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000006.htm;American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fingertip Injuries and Amputations:「Do not allow the amputated part to be in direct contact with ice」「Go immediately to the emergency room, preferably at a hospital that has hand specialists immediately available」. orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/fingertip…;Treger D 等 (2026). Return-to-Work After Attempted Digit Replantation: A Systematic Review of 31 Studies. HAND. doi.org/10.1177/15589447241279445;Stone N 等 (2021). Comparing digital replantation versus revision amputation patient reported outcomes for traumatic digital amputations of the hand: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microsurgery. doi.org/10.1002/micr.30738;Yu F 等 (2026). Risk factors associated with postoperative necrosis after digital replantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Surgery. doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2026.1795247
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定 B 是因为保存方法来自指南和教科书的共识,存活率来自只跟踪记录的研究。比较不同保存方法的对照试验没有找到。收益定「中」是凭判断:保的是手指,不是命。能不能接、值不值得接,要由医生看伤情决定,压烂的、撕扯下来的比切得整齐的难接。MedlinePlus 也提醒,救命比保住断指要紧,先止血,再管断指。出血压不住的,止血带怎么上见本节第 12 条(大出血先用手死死压住伤口)。家里切菜、门缝夹手、电动工具都可能切断手指。用角磨机的防护见第 1 节第 42 条(装好护罩再用角磨机)。受益的主要是你自己和家里人,尤其是常用电动工具、干体力活的人。
NHS. Knocked-out tooth(2025-02-06 审核):「Hold the tooth by the white bit that sticks out of the gum (the crown) – do not touch the root」「If the tooth is dirty, rinse it gently in milk, saline or saliva」「Do not put a baby tooth back in as it could damage the tooth growing underneath」「If you cannot put the tooth back in, you can put it in either milk or saliva」. nhs.uk/conditions/knocked-out-tooth;International Association of Dental Traumatology. Save your tooth(海报). iadt-dentaltrauma.org/guidelines-and-resources/save-a-t…;Gul A 等 (2024). Risk of ankylosis of avulsed teeth immediately replanted or stored under favorable storage conditions before replantation: A long-term clinical study. Dental Traumatology. doi.org/10.1111/edt.12898;Lauridsen E 等 (2020). Risk of ankylosis of 400 avulsed and replanted human teeth in relation to length of dry storage: A re-evaluation of a long-term clinical study. Dental Traumatology. doi.org/10.1111/edt.12520;Andreasen JO 等 (1995). Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 1. Diagnosis of healing complications. Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00461.…;Andreasen JO 等 (1995). Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 4. Factors related to periodontal ligament healing. Endodontics & Dental Traumatology. doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00464.…
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定 B 是因为数字来自一家医院只跟踪记录的研究,没有分组对照。收益定「中」是凭判断:保的是牙,不是命,看的终点是牙根粘连,不是直接掉牙。研究者也说,干放一小时以上的牙,有一部分照样没粘连,所以晚了也别扔,照样带去给牙医看。自来水只用来冲一下,别把牙泡在水里带去。受益的主要是自家孩子,摔跤、打球、骑车撞到嘴的大人一样适用。NHS 说,保不住的牙可以先戴活动假牙,长好后再考虑做牙桥或种牙。种牙费用怎么问见第 24 节第 12 条(种牙之前先问清包干价)。
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 被蜱叮咬之后:「Grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible using clean fine-tipped tweezers」「Pull tick away from the skin with steady, even pressure」「Do not use petroleum jelly, heat, nail polish, or other substances to try and make the tick detach from the skin. This may agitate the tick and force infected fluid from the tick into the skin」. cdc.gov/ticks/after-a-tick-bite/index.htm…;Ren Q 等 (2026). Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in China, 2010–2024: a fifteen-year national surveillance analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases 26:1497:「The number of reported cases (6,602 cases) and deaths (306 cases) in 2024 were both the highest levels since the discovery of this disease」「The average CFR was 4.79%, and the CFR increased with age, reaching 9.15% among those aged 85 years and above」. doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-14066-z