Gawarammana IB, Buckley NA (2011). Medical management of paraquat ingestion. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 72(5), 745-757. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04026.x;Chowdhury FR 等 (2026). Clinical and Laboratory Profile of Paraquat Poisoning: A Toxicological Crisis in Bangladesh. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 115, 176-182. doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.25-0719;Weaver LK, Hopkins RO, Chan KJ, et al. (2002). Hyperbaric oxygen for acute carbon monoxide poisoning. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(14), 1057-1067. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013121;Parkinson RB, Hopkins RO, Cleavinger HB, et al. (2002). White matter hyperintensities and neuropsychological outcome following carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurology, 58(10), 1525-1532. doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.10.1525;农业农村部办公厅 (2018). 关于切实加强百草枯监督管理的通知(农办农〔2018〕17 号). gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/cont…
Chen Y, Li W, Wang X, Zhong Q, Abudurexiti A, Qiu Q, Li J, Luo J (2025). Clinical features and prognostic predictors for patients admitted to trauma intensive care unit due to fall from height in South Xinjiang. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18, 142. doi.org/10.1186/s12245-025-00959-4;Simmel S, Wurm S, Drisch S, Woltmann A, Coenen M (2020). Prädiktion der Rückkehr zur Arbeit nach Polytrauma bei Patienten mit einem ISS von mindestens 25. Die Rehabilitation, 59(2), 95-103. doi.org/10.1055/a-0977-6853;国家卫生健康委 (2025). 2024 年我国卫生健康事业发展统计公报解读. gov.cn/zhengce/202512/content_7050025.ht…
Muzaale AD, Massie AB, Wang MC, Montgomery RA, McBride MA, Wainright JL, Segev DL (2014). Risk of end-stage renal disease following live kidney donation. JAMA, 311(6), 579-586. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.285141;Mjøen G, Hallan S, Hartmann A, et al. (2014). Long-term risks for kidney donors. Kidney International, 86(1), 162-167. doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.460;Ibrahim HN, Foley R, Tan L, et al. (2009). Long-term consequences of kidney donation. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 459-469. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804883;Goyal M, Mehta RL, Schneiderman LJ, Sehgal AR (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. JAMA, 288(13), 1589-1593. doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.13.1589
条例原文能逐字核对,但它只说明到期换管是你的义务,不说明换了能少出多少事故。按年限换管能把燃气事故降多少,没找到官方统计数字,所以只给 C 级。上门安检的人要你买他指定的自闭阀、报警器,你可以拒绝,也可以投诉,因为条例第二十条第六项不许燃气公司这样要求。自闭阀和报警器本身是市场监管总局鼓励装的,要装就自己挑合格的产品。闻到燃气味,先关燃气总阀,瓶装气关钢瓶阀门。再开门开窗通风,别开排气扇。电灯、抽油烟机这些电器一律别开也别关,打火机也别碰。然后人撤出去,离开现场再打燃气公司的报警电话。一氧化碳中毒是另一件事,见第 13 节。
Mushroom Poisoning Outbreaks — China, 2025. China CDC Weekly (2026):「In 2025, China CDC investigated 828 mushroom poisoning incidents across 27 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs), affecting 2,165 individuals and causing 13 deaths - a case fatality rate of 0.6%, the lowest of the past six years. In total, 138 poisonous mushroom species were identified, including 34 newly recorded in poisoning incidents in China.」「From 2019 to 2024, the annual number of incidents ranged from 276 to 676, and the case fatality rate ranged from 0.87% to 2.86%.」doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2026.120;同刊 2024 年度报告 doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2025.106;中国疾病预防控制中心职业卫生所 尹萸、李海蛟 (2019). 防控蘑菇中毒,任重而道远:「方法4:虫食或生蛆的蘑菇无毒。错!」「方法6:与银器、大葱、大蒜、大米同煮可使其变色的蘑菇有毒。错!」「因此,目前没有简单易行、快速有效的识别蘑菇是否有毒的方法」. chinacdc.cn/jkkp/zyjk/zdzs/201908/t20190802_3…;北京市疾病预防控制中心 (2023). 远离毒蘑菇,不做「菇勇者」:「民间流传辨别毒蘑菇的方法,如看颜色和形状、看生长环境、用银器辨毒、看分泌物、看有无生蛆生虫等均不可靠」. bjcdc.org/cdcmodule/jkfw/yyyspjk/jkyf/swzdy…;北京市市场监督管理局 (2026). 关于防范误食野生蘑菇中毒的风险提示:「请立即就医,切勿自行处理,以免延误诊疗时机。妥善保存剩余野生蘑菇、食物残渣等样本」. scjgj.beijing.gov.cn/zwxx/scjgdt/202606/t20260625_4715…
Ettehad D 等 (2016). Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8 ; Lu J 等 (2017). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in China (China PEACE Million Persons Project). Lancet. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32478-9
WHO (2025). Road traffic injuries fact sheet:「Drivers using mobile phones are approximately 4 times more likely to be involved in a crash than drivers not using a mobile phone.」「Hands-free phones are not much safer than hand-held phone sets.」who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road… ; Dingus TA 等 (2016). Driver crash risk factors and prevalence evaluation using naturalistic driving data. PNAS 113(10):2636-2641. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513271113 ; 中华人民共和国道路交通安全法(2021 年修正)第二十二条第二款:「过度疲劳影响安全驾驶的,不得驾驶机动车」;第九十条:「处警告或者二十元以上二百元以下罚款」. flk.npc.gov.cn/detail?id=ff8081817ab231eb017abd6… ; 中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例(2017 年修订)第六十二条:驾驶机动车不得有「(三)拨打接听手持电话、观看电视等妨碍安全驾驶的行为」「(七)连续驾驶机动车超过4小时未停车休息或者停车休息时间少于20分钟」. flk.npc.gov.cn/detail?id=ff8080816f3cbb3c016f40f… ; 公安部 (2021). 道路交通安全违法行为记分管理办法(公安部令第 163 号)第十一条:一次记 3 分的有「(六)驾驶机动车有拨打、接听手持电话等妨碍安全驾驶的行为的」「(十四)连续驾驶载货汽车超过4小时未停车休息或者停车休息时间少于20分钟的」;第九条:一次记 9 分的有「(七)连续驾驶中型以上载客汽车、危险物品运输车辆超过4小时未停车休息或者停车休息时间少于20分钟的」. gov.cn/gongbao/content/2022/content_5679…
Spiegel CN, Lindaman FC (1977). Children can't fly: a program to prevent childhood morbidity and mortality from window falls. American Journal of Public Health:「Significant reduction in falls resulted, particularly in the Bronx, where reported falls declined 50 percent from 1973 to 1975」,1976 年纽约市卫生法典修订「to require that landlords provide window guards in apartments where children ten years old and younger reside」. doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.67.12.1143;(2021). Unintentional Window Falls in Children and Adolescents. Academic Pediatrics:2007 年 1 月至 2017 年 8 月全国电子伤害监测系统 38,840 例急诊就诊,「The majority of falls occurred in children under the age of 6 and were related to falls from a second story or below」. doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2020.07.008
Cummings P 等 (2011). Association between wearing a personal floatation device and death by drowning among recreational boaters. Injury Prevention. doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.028688 ; Li Z 等 (2023). Unintentional Drowning Mortality Among Individuals Under Age 20 — China, 2013–2021. China CDC Weekly:「in China, it is deemed the primary cause of death for children between the ages of 1 and 14. According to 2021 data, the rate of unintentional drowning in this age group is 3.23 per 100,000, surpassing road traffic injuries, the second leading cause of fatalities, by 0.99 per 100,000.」「rural areas exhibited roughly double the mortality rate found in urban areas」. doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2023.198 ; Zhou J 等 (2024). Injury Mortality of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–19 Years — China, 2010–2021. China CDC Weekly:「drowning and road traffic crashes were the top two causes of child injury deaths, explaing 31.1% and 27.9% of total injury deaths」. doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2024.057
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A 级只对应救生衣这一半。「不离视线」是大家的共识,单算只有 C 级,没有随机试验,以后也不会有。中国的溺水死亡集中在农村,以及 15 到 19 岁的男性。冬天上冰面玩,见第 41 条(野外冰面先量厚度)。
Qu C 等 (2014). Efficacy of neonatal HBV vaccination on liver cancer and other liver diseases over 30-year follow-up of the Qidong hepatitis B intervention study. PLoS Medicine:「The estimated efficacy of catch-up vaccination on HBsAg seroprevalence in early adulthood was 21% (95% CI 10%-30%), substantially weaker than that of the neonatal vaccination (72%, 95% CI 68%-75%).」doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001774 ; Cui F 等 (2017). Prevention of Chronic Hepatitis B after 3 Decades of Escalating Vaccination Policy, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases. doi.org/10.3201/eid2305.161477
美国疾病控制与预防中心. 破伤风:「Tetanus bacteria can get into someone's body through broken skin, usually through injuries.」「Tetanus can lead to death (1 in 10 cases in the United States are fatal).」「People who didn't complete the primary series or who aren't up to date with their 10-year tetanus booster shots are also at increased risk.」「Vaccination also helps prevent tetanus in people with wounds, depending on their tetanus vaccination history.」cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html;国家卫生健康委办公厅 (2024). 关于印发非新生儿破伤风诊疗规范(2024 年版)的通知(国卫办医急函〔2024〕381 号,风险分级见附件第 16 页,表 4 见第 20 页). gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202410/content_…;附件 PDF(扫描件). gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202410/P0202410…
Lei J 等 (2020). HPV Vaccination and the Risk of Invasive Cervical Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1917338;WHO. Cervical cancer fact sheet:「HPV vaccination is a priority for all girls aged 9–14 years, before they become sexually active.」who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cerv…
Sankaranarayanan R 等 (2009). HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India. New England Journal of Medicine. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808516;US Preventive Services Task Force (2018). Cervical Cancer: Screening:「For women aged 30 to 65 years, the USPSTF recommends screening every 3 years with cervical cytology alone, every 5 years with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing alone, or every 5 years with hrHPV testing in combination with cytology (cotesting).」uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/cervical-ca…
一项试验在心肌梗死之后做,2571 人随机分组。医生和病人都不知道打的是哪一针。打流感疫苗的人,12 个月里的总死亡率是 2.9%。打安慰剂的是 4.9%。原值 HR 0.59,可信范围 95% CI 0.39 到 0.89。安慰剂就是不含有效成分的对照针。心血管死亡的 HR 是 0.59。另一项研究把多项研究合起来一起算。打流感疫苗的人主要心血管事件为 3.6%,对照为 5.4%。原值 RR 0.66,可信范围 95% CI 0.53 到 0.83。心血管死亡 RR 0.74(95% CI 0.42 到 1.30,这点差别还在误差范围内,算不上有统计学意义)
原始出处
Fröbert O 等 (2021). Influenza Vaccination After Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial. Circulation. doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057042 ; Behrouzi B 等 (2022). Association of Influenza Vaccination With Cardiovascular Risk: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8873;Demicheli V 等 (2018). Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004876.pub4(备注里说的那份 Cochrane 汇总)
山东临朐那项随机分组的试验跟踪了 22 年。做过幽门螺杆菌根除治疗的人,得胃癌的风险低约一半。原值 OR 0.48,可信范围 95% CI 0.32 到 0.71。死于胃癌的风险低约 38%(HR 0.62,95% CI 0.39 到 0.99)
原始出处
Li WQ 等 (2019). Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment and vitamin and garlic supplementation on gastric cancer incidence and mortality: follow-up of a randomized intervention trial. BMJ. doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5016
National Lung Screening Trial Research Team (2011). Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening. New England Journal of Medicine:「The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% with low-dose CT and 6.9% with radiography over all three rounds. A total of 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group and 94.5% in the radiography group were false positive results.」doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1102873
一项研究把 25 项研究、10676 对异性伴侣合起来一起算。这些伴侣都是一方感染 HIV、一方没感染,学名叫血清不一致。和从来不用的人相比,坚持每次都用安全套的人,HIV 传播风险低约 71%。原值 RR 0.29,可信范围 95% CI 0.20 至 0.43。和用得断断续续的人相比,低约 77%(RR 0.23,95% CI 0.13 至 0.40)。作者的结论是,安全套虽然不完美,但「坚持使用可使 HIV 传播降低 70% 以上」。世界卫生组织说,正确、坚持地用安全套,是防性传播感染(包括 HIV)最有效的办法之一。但长在套子盖不住的地方的溃疡,比如梅毒、生殖器疱疹,安全套挡不住
原始出处
Giannou FK, Tsiara CG, Nikolopoulos GK, et al. (2016). Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on HIV serodiscordant couples. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 16(4), 489-499. doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2016.1102635;Fonner VA 等 (2016). Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS. doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001145(暴露前预防 PrEP);WHO (2025). Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) fact sheet:「When used correctly and consistently, condoms offer one of the most effective methods of protection against STIs, including HIV. Although highly effective, condoms do not offer protection for STIs that cause extra-genital ulcers (i.e., syphilis or genital herpes).」who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sexu…
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「不规律使用」和「不用」的差距很小,要每次、全程都用才有效。共用针具是另一条独立的高效传播途径,和性行为无关,注射毒品、纹身、穿孔都算。高风险人群还可以用暴露前预防(PrEP),就是事先吃药挡住感染。把 18 项研究合起来算,凡是超过七成人按时吃药的试验,吃 PrEP 的人感染 HIV 的风险比吃安慰剂的低约七成。原值是风险比 0.30,可信范围 95% CI 0.21 至 0.45。按时吃药的人少的那些试验,则看不到保护效果。PrEP 是处方药,去感染科或者疾控问,别自己网购。已经暴露之后怎么办见第 13 节
国务院 (2006). 艾滋病防治条例(第三、二十三、三十八、三十九条). wjw.beijing.gov.cn/zwgk_20040/zcwj2022/flfg/202304/t…(北京市卫生健康委员会转载);Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, et al. (2019). Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. The Lancet, 393(10189), 2428-2438. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30418-0;广东省疾病预防控制中心. 艾滋病检测窗口期科普. web.archive.org/web/20260915151957/https://cdcp.g…(窗口期那个数字;原页面已下线,链接为 2026-09-15 的网页存档)
Deisenhammer EA, Ing CM, Strauss R, Kemmler G, Hinterhuber H, Weiss EM (2009). The duration of the suicidal process: how much time is left for intervention between consideration and accomplishment of a suicide attempt? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(1), 19-24. doi.org/10.4088/JCP.07m03904;Owens D, Horrocks J, House A (2002). Fatal and non-fatal repetition of self-harm: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 193-199. doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.3.193
Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2018). Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity: A longitudinal nationwide register study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1091–1099. doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.112;Karlsson A, Håkansson A. (2023). Corrigendum to: Gambling disorder, increased mortality, suicidality, and associated comorbidity. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(1), 302. doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.10000;国家卫生健康委 (2024). 关于应用"12356"全国统一心理援助热线电话号码的通知(国卫医政函〔2024〕259 号). gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202412/content_…
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给 B 是因为只有一项研究,而且只算了去专科看过病的人。这些人病情偏重,所以 15 倍不能套到所有打牌的人身上。把钱交给家人管是经验做法,没有直接研究,单算是 C 级。赌博的法律红线见第 9 节第 13 条(不抽头、不玩网络赌博)。家里人欠了赌债该不该替他还,见第 8 节第 44 条(赌债不算夫妻共同债务)。自杀念头冒出来之后怎么办,见本节第 32 条(先告诉身边的一个人)。受益人主要是你自己,家人发现苗头时也可以拉着他照这条办。
中华医学会骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病分会 (2017). 原发性骨质疏松症诊疗指南(2017). 中华骨质疏松和骨矿盐疾病杂志, 10(5), 413-443(表 10 抗骨质疏松症药物治疗适应证;钙剂一节;疗效监测一节). html.rhhz.net/GUSS/html/cc825127-29a3-47c1-9a95… ; Wells GA, Hsieh SC, Peterson J, et al. (2025). Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub3 ; Lyles KW, Colón-Emeric CS, Magaziner JS, et al. (2007). Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine. doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa074941 ; Cummings SR, Lui LY, Eastell R, Allen IE (2019). Association Between Drug Treatments for Patients With Osteoporosis and Overall Mortality Rates: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine. doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2779 ; Kahwati LC, Kistler CE, Booth G, et al. (2025). Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.21653 ; Wang L, Yu W, Yin X, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Fracture in China: The China Osteoporosis Prevalence Study. JAMA Network Open. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2110…
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争议:一篇合并了 38 项试验的荟萃分析没有看出这类药能降低总死亡率(RR 0.98,95% CI 0.91 到 1.05)。单看唑来膦酸也不显著(RR 0.88,95% CI 0.68 到 1.13)。作者的结论是,这类药只该为了少骨折而用。Cochrane 那几个数字的可信度也被评为低到中等。还没骨折、骨折风险较低的女性,阿仑膦酸钠对髋部骨折没看出明显作用(RR 0.76,95% CI 0.43 到 1.32)。下颌骨坏死、不典型股骨骨折这类少见的副作用,几年的试验看不全,所以要按时复查、不自己加药停药。有的人适合打针,有的人适合吃药,选哪种由医生定。怎么查出骨质疏松,见第 39 条(骨密度检查)。绝经激素治疗也能减少骨折,但一般只在不适合用别的药时才考虑。为了潮热盗汗用激素,见第 2 节第 43 条(绝经前后潮热去评估激素治疗)。受益人主要是你自己,也包括你的父母。
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荷兰把 8.45 万名 65 岁以上老人随机分成两组来比。用的是 13 价肺炎球菌结合疫苗。它对疫苗覆盖型肺炎的效力是 45.6%。可信范围是 95.2% CI 21.8–62.5。疫苗覆盖型就是这支疫苗管得住的那几个菌型。对侵袭性肺炎球菌病的效力是 75.0%(95% CI 41.4–90.8),这是最凶险的那一类感染。对全部原因加在一起的肺炎,它没有效果
原始出处
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